Learn focal, grid and modified ETDRS laser techniques for diabetic macular oedema, including current indications, micropulse, PASCAL and NAVILAS.
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Insight Ophthalmology · Retina Companion Note Panretinal Photocoagulation in Diabetic Retinopathy Panretinal photocoagulation, or PRP, is extensive peripheral retinal laser treatment used to reduce the angiogenic drive responsible for neovascularisation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. This companion note explains why PRP works, when it is considered, how treatment is delivered and what visual trade-offs it may
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Revise diabetic macular oedema: pathophysiology, symptoms, CSME criteria, CI-DME versus NCI-DME, OCT thresholds and FFA patterns.
Diabetic Macular Oedema: Pathophysiology, Symptoms and Classification Read More »
Insight Ophthalmology · Retina Companion Note Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is staged according to the retinal abnormalities visible on examination. This companion note brings together the practical clinical scale, the examination-important 4–2–1 rule, progression risks and the historical high-risk PDR criteria. Clinical anchor: the principal dividing line is the presence or absence of
Diabetic Retinopathy Classification: NPDR, PDR and the 4–2–1 Rule Read More »
Retina Note · Hypertensive Retinopathy Hypertensive Retinopathy Classifications Four grading systems describe many of the same fundus findings—but they organise them for different purposes. This companion note compares their logic, stages and clinical significance without mixing the systems. Modified Scheie Scheie Arteriolar Sclerosis Keith–Wagener–Barker Wong–Mitchell Companion note: Compare the four grading systems and learn how
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Retina • Diabetic Retinopathy • Companion Note Diabetic Retinopathy: Why the Retina Leaks and Becomes Ischaemic Understand how persistent hyperglycaemia injures the retinal neurovascular unit and produces the two central processes of diabetic retinopathy: vascular leakage and capillary non-perfusion. Learner level Foundation to early postgraduate Advertisement Watch the Lecture Watch the lecture first, or use
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